Argumentative Essay Topics

Contentious Essay TopicsThere are a few unique instances of factious exposition subjects that guardians can use as a guide recorded as a hard copy their own pugnacious paper. Thus, a parent will see most of them as very comparable and rather shortsighted. This is the reason a parent needs to set aside some effort to truly consider the way that they need to introduce the thoughts that they have.A parent should as a matter of first importance consider the age of the kid who will be taking an interest in the composition. There are numerous scholars who are to some degree less experienced with regards to composing. Hence, when a parent first thinks about this theme, they ought to consider the times of the kid just as the development level that they can deal with when they are writing.Some individuals don't care to compose expositions for a few reasons. For a certain something, composing is an extremely demanding and troublesome procedure. It is likewise not something that most grown-ups truly appreciate doing, in spite of the fact that there are numerous individuals who have figured out how to do it in a pleasant way.It is frequently difficult for guardians to simply plunk down and record something for a whole evening. So as to assist with guaranteeing that they will have the option to make and reconsider a lucid contention inside an hour or something like that, it is basic for the parent to consider exploiting some great exposition composing administrations that are accessible on the Internet. These administrations will frequently give the parent an approach to structure the article and give them recommendations about what they ought to compose about.Parents ought to be mindful so as to consider composing as though they were partaking in a workshop. At the point when the parent does this, they might have the option to profit by utilizing similar strategies that have been utilized to compose expertly by different experts. Notwithstanding, the parent must understand that they won't have the option to acquire an expert evaluation on the composing just on the grounds that they didn't comprehend the particular configuration that was utilized to compose the essay.The parent must remember that the article that they are composing will be assessed. Consequently, they should ensure that they can convey a strong contention inside the composition of the exposition. It is significant that the parent comprehend what they can and can't talk about with the guide or instructor before they start composing their contentious essay.When a parent is offering an input that is solid yet in addition legitimate, they have to recall that they should have the option to voice that supposition in a manner that is reliable. It is significant that the parent understand that the understudy won't have the option to hear or see their thinking. They subsequently should be as unobtrusive as conceivable so as to have the option to viably make their contentions heard.There are nu merous different contentions that a parent can remember for a pugnacious paper that can assist with making their theme all the more fascinating also. At the point when a parent sets aside some effort to think about these various contentions, they can have the option to utilize the example contentions as a guide for their own composition. This is the reason factious article themes are extremely valuable and will be talked about again in various kinds of assignments.

Heaney and the Catharsis of Freedom - Literature Essay Samples

In ‘Requiem for the Croppies’, Heaney presents the reader with a stark image; the ‘broken wave’ that ‘soak[s]’ the ‘hillside’. The ‘broken wave’ evokes a sense of an anti-climax, as a wave may gather momentum, reach its peak, and eventually roll over, possessing a great power and destructive force. Here however, this wave is ‘broken’, cleaved and interrupted before it attains its full potential. This conveys a bitterness, a disappointment, and a sense of wasted opportunity, as the effort that went into generating this underground movement, or ‘wave’, against the oppressive British rule in Ireland in the late 18th century, is nullified by one terrible, contrastingly sudden ‘final conclave’. The sibilant assonance of this same line (‘the hillside blushed, soaked in our broken wave’), is an aural image that captures the onomatopoeic sloshing sound of the ‘waveâ€⠄¢ of blood, and this presents the reader with a confronting image; of soldiers splashing around in the blood of their own comrades, continuously being slaughtered, to emphasize the true horror and scale of this disaster. The reader is peppered with many other shocking images, such as the bodies that are ‘terraced’ in their ‘thousands’, which suggests that the battleground is so teeming with corpses that from afar, the sloped hillside would instead resemble a jagged, stepped cliff, made up of multiple ‘terrace[s]’, bodies piled on top of one another to clear the battleground for more of this same atrocious bloodshed, highlighting the disturbingly inhumane and unrelenting nature of the battle. Through these images, Heaney depicts a desolate landscape, as the momentum and the hope of the soldiers (implied by the ‘wave’) is cruelly and mercilessly savaged and violated. It seems as if all hope is lost. However, as the poem finally moves away from the battleground in the last line, a shift occurs. Time has moved on, the poem is now ‘in August’, and the monstrous battleground scene is allayed a little, calmed by this separation of time. Now the audience is presented with a starkly contrasting image, as ‘the barley gr[ows] up out of [the soldiers’] grave[s]’. This ‘barley’ is in contrast new, vulnerable and just germinating – it represents a tenderness and a weakness of which this battleground now field -was so previously devoid, the brash and savage destruction contrasting with this uninterrupted growth. The spirit of the fallen croppies, whose agricultural ‘scythes’, unprepared for a bloody war, were painfully mismatched by the military, staunch ‘cannon’, is captured perfectly by this crop, which parallels the agricultural origins of the revolution. This ‘barley’ therefore acts both as a sym bol of new life, and of perseverance, but also as a memorial, a testament to the tenacity and bravery of the makeshift soldiers who had nothing to live on except the few grains which they carried in their ‘pockets’. In this way, Heaney is depicting that while the scale of the disaster at ‘Vinegar Hill’ may seem to obliterate any sense of hope or purpose to the revolution, the new ‘barley’ negates this; life prevails over death, and this experience, be its immediate effect one of physically torturous pain, becomes one of growth, and of everlasting memorial, that commemorates the powerful sacrifice and bravery of these men who did not waver, even in the face of such monstrous, overwhelming opposition. In this way an idea is introduced; the idea that intense suffering can also confer a knowledge, experience and power that lives on. In ‘A Transgression’, the reader is introduced to two presences immediately; ‘the teacher’ and the ‘big boys’. The notion of a ‘teacher’ is one of supervision, and the ‘big boys’ have connotations of power, dominion and maturity; the voice of this poem is hence child-like, in awe of the responsibility these ‘big boys’ are given to go out and ‘gather sticks’, trusted by this controlling and older ‘teacher’ figure. The pursuit of the big boys, ‘to gather sticks’, is decidedly adult – they are providing for others, collecting the tinder for a fire, which symbolizes life, protection and comfort, but is also very patriarchal. The young Heaney’s view of the ‘teacher’ and the ‘big boys’ is in this way almost a form of idolatry, and as a result he yearns to be old, to be trusted like the ‘big boys’ (‘I wanted out as we ll’). Then, paralleling the instantaneous nature of the ‘final conclave’ in ‘Requiem for the Croppies’, ‘one afternoon’ the boy is given access to this tantalizing, mature world; he is ‘at large’ under a ‘raggedy, hurrying sky’. The description of the boy as being ‘at large’ is telling; this action, amongst the euphoric ‘escape-joy’, is prophetically wrong, almost criminal; he is ominously ‘at large’, as if a convict escaped from a prison. These words capture the sense of rebellion that permeates this entire escape, it is ‘dar[ing]’; an ostentatious, immature outpouring of bravado that pales in comparison to the ‘big boys’ who do not have to work to attain this trust; they are simply ‘let’ ‘out’. As consequence, a ream of consistently dread-filled images are presented to the reader; the ‘black spot’ of the ‘gypsies’ fire’, the ‘rags’ on the ‘stripped hedge’, the ‘magpie’ that ‘r[i]se[s]’ and flies away. Where fire, just like the ‘sticks’ symbolises life and survival, all that remains of the nomadic, free gypsies, is the ‘black’ charred remains, deathly dull and disappointing. The description of the grass as ‘roadside’ implies that it is encroached upon by the industrial tarmac and is hence devoid of nutrients and weedy, not lush nor vibrant. This is mirrored by the ‘stripped’ hedge who has similarly been robbed of life and interest, and as a result this world is stark and drab; the freeness the boy was seeking (the exciting, strange ‘gypsies’) has either moved on, or does not live up to the boy’s expectations. This is sum mated by the ‘magpie’, again a symbol of freedom, who flies away, exhibiting an unparalleled movement, to leave the boy only with an ‘emptiness’ that does not suffice. The reality that confronts the boy, is that the outside world is not the paradisiac kingdom which had been conjured in his imagination, but rather that he is trapped under ‘heaven’s dome’, cruelly segregated from this utopia by an impenetrable, unreachable firmament, to which only the ‘magpie’ who deserts him, can come close. The lexical complexity of the final line, especially the ‘ado’, is in contrast to the childish, basic language of the opening stanza (‘teacher’, ‘big boys’) that restricts itself to narrative, storytelling that sticks to concrete facts such as the date and time (‘at two’, ‘in scanty nineteen forty six’). This transition in language is emblematic of the series of realizations the boy has undergone; there has been a gain in experience. He is more mature, and is able to recognize the emotional cues and nuances of his parents despite his ‘transgression’, the boy is received by his parents with a ‘gaze’. This language imparts a sense that the parents are glassy-eyed, contemplative, and still overcome with an unrelenting love for the boy, in spite of his truancy. Similarly to the soothing denouement of ‘Requiem for the Croppies’, this nullifies what the boy has done, and all is made goo d again. In the two poems, the harrowing events that take place forge a new power, a set of new skills in those who are brave enough to dare for freedom. This idea is echoed at other points in Heaney’s collection, such in ‘Act of Union’ and the rape of the feminine Ireland, with its onomatopoeic ‘gash’ and ‘bog burst’. This language conjures up violent sexual imagery, and a sense that Ireland is being torn apart and destroyed beyond repair by England both physically and metaphorically. However, from this rape springs a child, whose ‘heart beneath [Ireland’s] is a wardrum mustering force’, imparting a new strength and power to Ireland who has been so terribly violated, and left ‘raw’. For Heaney, striving for freedom, whether it be from oppressive British rule, or simply a childhood temptation, is a pursuit that births a hope, a sense of experience, despite the hardship this taste of freedom and power may demand.

Choosing Between a Formal And Informal Approach to Computer Graphics Research Paper Topics

Choosing Between a Formal And Informal Approach to Computer Graphics Research Paper TopicsComputer graphics research can be made available to students in two ways. One is through a formal program of study that involves the use of the software, tools and programs that are specifically created for the study of graphics, while the other is through informal study sessions with a professor in the subject. While these methods have advantages and disadvantages, it is usually best to first understand the advantages and disadvantages of the both methods before making your choice.The formal study of graphics may involve specialized courses or classes that involve the study of graphic methods. This method generally requires students to enroll in a single course or two to adequately get a handle on the tools that they will be working with when they are working on graphics research papers. For those who find the formal approach uncomfortable, it is best to consider taking up the informal approach of studying graphics research paper topics online.A person looking for a degree in graphics may consider taking up the latter option, which involves first learning about graphics methods and tools. With this type of course, a student would get a solid grasp on the basic elements of the field and how they work. This approach is particularly useful for those who have a strong interest in graphics but are not certain of their ability to get through a full-fledged program.Some programs will require a formal study of graphics research paper topics, such as implementing graphics. This is ideal for those who already have a background in graphics, but have no prior experience in designing graphics software. By taking this course, a student will get hands-on experience that will help him or her develop the necessary skills needed to properly complete research papers in this area.This type of course would also require a student to go over the basics of graphic design and graphical study meth ods in a computer-based format. These are the concepts that will have to be handled in order to effectively write computer graphics research papers. If a student wants to learn these techniques without dealing with the tooling and tools that will be required of them in the course of their studies, he or she can easily take up informal study sessions.The formal approach to computer graphics research does come with some advantages that can be used to an advantage by those who are interested in this line of study. For example, if a student finds the formal course too strenuous or uncomfortable, there are a number of informal computer graphics research paper topics that can be completed in a relatively short period of time. As long as a student has an internet connection, he or she can take part in a variety of informal study groups.Those who find the formal study too slow-paced may want to consider a more modern option that is quick and easy to learn. Instead of being required to take classes that are specialized and go into detail on the uses of specific tools and programs, the informal approach can be easily learned by anyone who wants to write computer graphics research papers. While a person might not be able to write in-depth research papers, anyone who wishes to pursue computer graphics can easily write graphics research paper topics.Computer graphics research is a constantly growing field and it is a field that any person can choose to delve into. It is important to remember that many people who work in the graphics field have a passion for creating innovative designs and would love to work with those who share their interest. By understanding how computer graphics research works, a person can make his or her choice regarding what kind of career to embark on.

Anatomy of the Brain Structures and Their Function

Short Essay Sample - Tips on How to Structure Your Essay

Short Essay Sample - Tips on How to Structure Your EssayThere are many short essay samples available on the Internet that you can use as a reference when you write your own. With a little guidance, you will be able to write the perfect essay for your academic requirements.What works for your article's theme? If you know what the article is going to discuss, then it makes it easier to structure the essay. You do not have to sit down and research an essay subject if the topic is clear.A short essay should give a thorough account of the things that the reader needs to know, but should not be wordy or confusing. You should be able to describe the topic in one sentence or three, but no more than that.Some essay samples allow you to insert your own ideas and thoughts into the essay. If you can spare a couple of minutes to insert some words into the essay, then it will be a lot easier to write the article. The idea is to make the essays more interactive and interesting.Another advantage of writing a short essay is that you can eliminate a lot of unnecessary and repetitive sentences. By rewriting the essay, you will find out that the paragraphs are long enough and have enough words to cover the same information in each paragraph.You can also improve your essay by making sure that the grammar and punctuation are correct. A lot of people have trouble with proper punctuation, and it is necessary to ensure that you take the time to review your essay in case it is not right. This is a very important step to take before you begin writing the essay.Writing an essay can be very difficult, but the most important thing to remember is that you must not let frustration get the best of you. As a student, you must be diligent with the work and realize that sometimes it will take some time to get it right.You will eventually find that you can accomplish the task of writing an essay, and you will be well on your way to achieving your academic goals. Be patient and dedicated.

The Honest to Goodness Truth on Phd Proposal Help

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How to Get the Best Free Exploratory Essay Samples

How to Get the Best Free Exploratory Essay SamplesYou should always be open to learning from free exploratory essay samples. These are free essays that you can copy, edit and use in your own writing. The only problem is that it may take you a little bit of time to understand the material so that you do not end up with plagiarism.The key to understanding and using these essay samples are patience. You have to be able to sit down and just go through the sample articles and make notes as you go. Most of these free sample essays are not as easy to understand as most teacher-authored materials, but the information in these is not necessary to understand the topics covered in the courses or required for your major. This makes them an ideal resource for an online reader who wants to better understand the course material.The idea is to spend some time with these free essay samples and find out what you are doing wrong. What you should be doing is changing the format of the paper to make it m ore interesting and fun to read. Do not worry about making the paper too difficult for you, because many of these websites have programs that will change the content of the original essay to make it easier to read.Some of these essays are actually paraphrased from course syllabi that are either already published or do not have enough text to write your own. They are usually made to be appropriate for a class of students, because that is how they were written.Many of these essays do not have all the information about the course syllabi that you might need for your own course work. When you are done with one of these essays, look at the explanations for errors that you did not see, because you may be able to go back and correct any of these errors.These essays were not written by someone who knows the coursesyllabi. If you see an error, please mention it in the comments section of the essay. These essays are easy to go through and will help you learn and make an informed decision abou t which college to attend.No matter what the topic, there is online information available for everyone. They might not be the exact information you need to understand the course material, but they can definitely be helpful in getting you started.

The Implementation And Adoption Of An Lms - 7342 Words

This literature review consists of two primary areas relating to the successful implementation and adoption of an LMS. The purpose is to offer historical and theoretical support in the form of previous works which may help to build context around similar studies, and provide insight into answering the aforementioned research questions. The first section reports existing historical knowledge and current research on the LMS, including implementation, evaluation, and management, with examples of some innovative models which have emerged around the country. The second section covers Everett Rogers’ theory of Diffusion of Innovations (Rogers, 1995, 2003b, 2003a), including the perceived attributes for the adoption of innovations within large organizations. It will include the implementation of new technology, and how leadership decisions and communication play a role in the adoption process. Together, these sections provide a deeper understanding of crucial elements needed for an implementation framework, and underlying information for the research questions being explored. . Learning Management Systems Applying the use of computers to education is nothing new. From computer-based instruction (CBI), to computer-aided instruction (CAI), to many other coined terms, institutions have been enhancing instruction and assessment for quite some time. The first operational computer, the MARK 1, was launched at Harvard in 1944, followed by ENIAC at the University of PennsylvaniaShow MoreRelatedThe First Catalog Of Instructional Films4169 Words   |  17 Pageseducational experts alike, called a â€Å"disruptive event†, or â€Å"tipping point†, in education (Christensen, Johnson, Horn, 2010; Gladwell, 2006). However, despite this â€Å"disruptive† shift, student technology needs are not always met, in part due to a slow adoption by educators in the classroom (Gutschmidt, 2012; Rekhari, 2015; Stone Zheng, 2014). With the emergence of digital learning resources, like digital textbooks, however, some districts are looking to new ways to deli ver instruction. In modern learningRead MoreThe Impact Of Digital Transformation On A Learning Management System1195 Words   |  5 PagesThis evaluation is a workplace-based, qualitative research design that attempts to collect knowledge of the complexities of adoption, teacher attitudes, and other data regarding the impact of the digital transformation to a learning management system. Research focuses on 24 interviews of teachers across the district, and factors that influence their decision to adopt or not adopt the district’s learning management system. The case study approach was selected because of its ability to acquire informationRead MoreThe Success And Failures Of Fellow Educational Institution s Lms Implementation Plans Essay1760 Words   |  8 PagesResearch Academic leaders have researched and documented LMS implementation, researchers have studied successful LMS implementations from both student and faculty perspectives, all to increase the chance of success in their own institutions. For this project to be successful at Deerfield Academy it was imperative that we complete our own research and study the successes and failures of fellow educational institution’s LMS implementation plans. Plan Description To prepare faculty for this transitionRead MoreThe Theory Of Transformational Leadership Essay3267 Words   |  14 Pagesleaders, however, generally are intuitive and tactful about building rapport with their followers. Schein deduced that leaders who regarded innovation as a practice toward transformation and were supportive of technology had more successful implementations of innovative technology (Schein, 1994). The Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Innovation The relationship between innovation and leadership is difficult to understand, given the many variables of roles, people, technology andRead MoreLiterature Review Learning Management System1887 Words   |  8 Pages2000 (Online, 2006). Initial versions of an LMS focused on organizing and managing course content and learners. As with many organizations, higher education was unsure about the role of technology in the educational process. The rapid penetration of learning management systems as key tools for learning occurs in a vacuum of solid research as to their effectiveness in increasing learning—or even indication of best practices for technology implementation. Pedagogy is generally a secondary considerationRead MoreThe Human Resource Management System Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pages a new set of disruptors are doing it again. (Bersin) As vendors grew, the marketplace consolidated (as it always does). SuccessFactors, the pioneer in performance management, built out its recruiting product and later acquired Plateau (a leading LMS provider). Taleo, the pioneer in recruiting, built its performance management product and later acquired Learn.com. ADP acquired Workscape; Ceridian acquired Dayforce; SumTotal acquired GeoLearning, Pathlore, and Softscape; and Kenexa acquired a seriesRead MoreThe Learning Management System ( Lms ) For Teaching And Learning1815 Words   |  8 Pagesused to paint a more complete picture of each participant as an individual case and to gain more insight as to their attitudes and motivations for their innovation adoption decisions. The information sought was in response to the following research questions (RQs): RQ1. Of the teachers who have adopted the learning management system (LMS) for teaching and learning, what is different about those who adopt more quickly than others? (Interview questions #1 2) RQ2. How has the learning management systemRead MoreCentra Software1967 Words   |  8 PagesEureka Centra Software Catalogue â…   â… ¡ â… ¢ BACKGROUND ANALYSIS ALTERNATIVE PLANS â… £ COMMENTS â… ¤ PLAN IMPLEMENTATION â…   Background Centra is a pioneer in software eLearning in the fast-growth market. However it faces the threat from WebEx, who sells exclusively over the phone. Now, It is debating how to modify its go-to-market strategy and how to add telesales to improve sales force productivity. Should Centra concentrate on the enterprise customer and exclude small and mid-sizeRead MoreA Roadmap For Development Of Global Business Leadership Skills2126 Words   |  9 Pagesnot following the guideline. In fact, to add requirements without approval will result in departments needing budgets for technical controls, which cost money and thus management approval of the policy is crucial. As the business goals change the adoption of the policy needs to be considered and the employee behavior will change. It is critical that organizations must ensure the flock is going to be led out of harm’s way is our primary concern, but protecting the company’s information assets. AsRead MoreUk / Sustainability Stories Reading Lm )2055 Words   |  9 PagesSustainability Diaries 1. 25th, July 2014 (http://www.quaker.org.uk/sustainability-stories-reading-lm) The word sustainability has been defined ‘as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs’ (Mansdorf, 2010). True Food Co-operatives in UK is a community owned business which specializes in the sale of eco-friendly household products, organic food and vegetables (Thompson, 2011). The company sells the products

Quiet Time free essay sample

The purpose and the problem are identified in the first paragraphs of the Scott et al, 2010. The main topic is the safety concerns of nurses working extended shifts and the association with high risk errors due to fatigue. â€Å"The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a FCMPN for improving sleep duration and quality while reducing daytime sleepiness and patient care errors. Selected sleep variables, errors and drowsy driving, were evaluated among hospital staff nurses (n = 47) before and after FCMPN implementation† (Scott, et al. , 2010, p. 250). The adoption of a standardized fatigue intervention program as utilized in other industries has been successful and its use in being able to improve nurses’ alertness for nurses was hypothesized as being able to decrease the number of near errors and actual patient care errors (Scott, et al. , 2010, p. 250). The study purpose is realistic, practical and viable but most importantly, it is a necessity. The statement of the problem is clear and actual. The purpose runs with rationality to the cited objectives from this problem including the independent and dependent variables and the population to be studied. The study was limited to white female nurses with regards to demographic variables and the sample statistical data could have been supported by including a larger, geographically diverse sample size for intervention testing (Scott, et al. , 2010, p. 257). A relational statement is made that fatigue countermeasures program for nurses (FCMPN) would need administrative support to be successful, that they may conflict with work culture issues that prohibit their use and that policy should be established to prohibit moonlighting among full-time employees. In addition there are the nurses’ obligations to report to work for duty in a state of being well rested. Literature Review It is organized around the purpose and problem and is directly related to a research study. It identifies areas of the objective study which is the evaluation of the countermeasures feasibility study. The literature supports the formulated questions and addresses the findings for the conclusion. The most recent literature used from 2007 and 2009 are used to support the physical evidence when fatigue is a serious issue in health care professions or drivers. However, one of the limitations is that references were not updated but were used to formulate the design. Literature from 1963 can be a limitation for the criteria of a reliable study but on the other hand, the Campbell and Stanley (1963) reference is used to validate the collection of the data from the same nursing unit which is one the requirements to obtain the sample. Another limitation of the study is not citing scientific literature that can demonstrate chemical imbalance and the physiologic changes of not having enough sleep. Framework The study (Scott, et al. 2010) has not identified theoretical framework. The study is based on a conceptual framework on the model of impaired sleep (Lee et al. , 2004). The conceptual framework represents the detailed course of the investigation using statistically representative variables and the relationship between them. The framework also links the ideas with the literature and establishes evidence to support the need for the research purpose: â€Å"Principles of circadian physiology are important in understanding human responses during actual or potential health problems, such as sleep disorders, insomnia, or daytime sleepiness. Principles of circadian physiology also have nursing implications for the timing of drug administration and interpretation of laboratory values that might also influence these human responses† (Lee et al. , 2004). The framework is emphatic in incorporating the necessary interventions of the countermeasures program for nurses. The operational definition is clearly defined. However, this study is limited to only one operational definition but it links rationality to the variables. Objectives, Questions, Hypotheses The hypothesis that the adoption of a standardized fatigue intervention program used in many other industries would improve nurses’ alertness and result in a decrease in the number of near errors or actual patient care errors is stated. The objective of the study to evaluate the feasibility of a FCMPN for improving sleep duration and quality is clear and guides the reader to the purpose of the study (Scott et al. , 2010, p. 251). The feasibility of the interventions is evaluated to reach the objective which is the demonstration that fatigue countermeasures can be implemented in the nursing field to reduce fatigue related errors. On the other hand, the objective is not linked with specific questions. In this design, the effect is taken to be the difference between the pretest and posttest scores. As this study is demarcated as one-group pretest –posttest design, the hypothesis is not clearly defined. â€Å"The events then serve as alternative hypothesis to the proposal† (Burns amp; Grove, 2009). It is clear what the researchers intend to study and what they expect to find (Burns amp; Grove, 2009). The research hypothesis could have been enhanced to the objective with specific questions. Definition of Variables The operational definition is the variable that is manipulated to reach the meaning of the study (Burns amp; Grove, 2009). The variable is linked to the concept in the framework. In this design, the operational variable is the FCMPN and a repeated-measures approach was used. This approach was helpful to ensure the veracity of the results. â€Å"A one-group pretest-posttest participants provided data 2 weeks before the FCMPN, 4 weeks after receiving the intervention, and again at 3 months after intervention† (Scott, et al. , 2010, p. 251). The limitation of the operational definition is the risk of assuming the results. These assumptions influence the development and the implementation of the research process† (Burns amp; Grove, 2009). The dependent variables are easy to understand and follow to the conclusions. Sleep duration, risk for accidents, short term memory and problem solving, and coping are measured by logbooks. The limitation of logbooks was the available space for comment and for the conclusion this is not an objective measure. Sleep quality, and day time sleepiness were measured with more objective scales which are explained in the instrument section. Study Design One-group pretest –posttest design repeated-measures was used. The participants were recruited from medical-surgical units in three major care Michigan hospitals and there were 62 staff nurses who received the protocol and 47 nurses that concluded the study. The advantage of the design is the collection of data from only one specific specialty unit from three different hospitals avoiding the possible bias if two groups from different specialties were chosen. The design includes the treatment or interventions which is the focus of the study. The treatment was consistent with the needs and is reflected in the conclusions. Conversely, one limitation of the interventions is the ethical concern from nurses about sleeping during the break times. The second limitation of the design is the â€Å"findings are often uninterpretable† (Burns amp; Grove, 2009). Situations between the times of the initiation to the final results cannot be controlled and can modify the final answers (Burns amp; Grove, 2009). The study was approved by two review boards and the participants who chose to participate in the program gave an indirect consent when they returned the demography questioner to the research group. In the cases where the study has minimal, the risk of harm to the participant the consents are waived. â€Å"The documentation of informed consent depends on the level of risk involved in the study† (Burns amp; Grove, 2009). The setting was controlled by the administrators and managers. This gives the study the strength and the facility to review if the nurses were following the treatment. Conversely, data collected from outside setting and recorded in logbooks is known as a partially controlled setting. This can be one of the weaknesses of the study because the change of setting can influence the answers because people behave differently. Another weakness is that heterogeneity can exist between groups with causation in the relationship being affected. The researchers could have considered matching groups with variables such nurses with â€Å"Additional employment’ and nurses with the predominantly12 hour shifts since these differences might have influenced the outcome. Intervention It is clear that the focus of the researchers was the implementation of similar countermeasures used from different previously applied programs but strength was placed in interventions that can be used in the nursing environment. To ensure viability and to promote uniformity, the resulting data of the interventions was taken from the same units but from different hospitals. The strength was placed in order to provide the participants with the right education, the right schedules, information of the interventions, and design of the study. In addition, the researchers provide the necessary accommodations and the right environment to implement the interventions. The participants were allowed to take breaks and 20 minutes nap times. The weakness of the intervention is to ensure the countermeasures were followed at home. The setting can serve as a moderator variable either by facilitating or impeding implementation of the interventions or by muting or muting or intensifying interventional effects† (Burns amp; Grove, 2009). Sampling Process The sampling process was directed to one group of nurses. The target criteria was 147 experienced medical surgical nurses working 36 hours or more in a hospital setting. T he accessible population resulted from the completion of the demographic questionnaire returned by the participants. The pre-final sample was obtained from the nurses who filled the additional information to be enrolled in the study which reduced the number to 62 full time staff nurses. Only 47 nurses or 76% finished the process. The final sample was representative of the variables strengthening the sample selection. Additional strength of the sample was the implementation of the power analysis. â€Å"It is calculated according to subjects expected to complete the study, not the number of recruited initial† (Burns amp; Grove, 2009). With 47 nurses as a final sample, the feasibility of the countermeasures study has enough power to use as reliable study. The major weakness of this study is the use of convenience sampling. The group is easily accessible and everyone in that group is surveyed. â€Å"The accidental sampling is considered weak because it provides little opportunity to control for biases† (Burns amp; Grove, 2009). In addition, 96. 8% of the participants were white (96. 8%) and women (96. 8%) with an average age 37. 74 years (range = 22-63 years, SD = 11. 70 years). In addition, 4 nurses (6. 5%) reported working a second job. The study failed to address nurses of other races and genders and the impacts of a higher percentage of nurses working a second job. Impacts of these factors on the study could have affected the findings in the study. Measurement Methods The measurement techniques are appropriate for this design, to the interventions, and variables. The demography sample was useful in collecting the sample. The Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to measure the sleep quality. It is an active instrument used to measure the quality and patterns of sleep in adults by determining seven areas: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleeps duration, habitual sleep efficiency, and sleep disturbances, use of sleep medication, and daytime ysfunction over the last month (Reynolds, C. F. , 1989). The use of the PSQI gave strength of the study because it provides reliable data from a subjective concept. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is a subjective practical tool of measurement because it is specific and easy to use for the participants. It allows the collection of the data determining the nurse’s level of daytime slee piness. The ESS distinguishes between average sleepiness and extreme daytime sleepiness that requires intervention. A sum of 10 or more from the eight individual scores reflects above normal daytime sleepiness and need for further evaluation (Johns, 1992). The weakness of this test is the self-reporting data which can reveal inaccurate information. The final measuring method was the logbooks. The purpose of this type of measure was to collect more subjective and objective information about schedule, work hours, break times, and sleepiness during the working hours. The strength of this collecting data is the amplitude of the information obtained. To make the logbooks more objective close-ended questions were used. However the risk of using this method is the information provided by the participants may not related to the objectives and goals of the study. Data Collection The data collection was adequate for this type of design. During weeks 1-2 the packets were mailed with a contact phone numbers and e-mail addresses for questions about the measurement methods. Participants were notified by mail and postcards to complete and return the information obtained. A monetary reward was given to whoever completed the logbooks. The data collection methods were chosen to estimate the viability of the interventions and compared during the time of the pretest and posttest. These periods were 2 weeks before the interventions, 4 weeks for the data collections after the interventions began, and 12 weeks after the interventions were implemented. Unfortunately, the description of the collection data and the data analysis does not include the degree of education of the administrative professional assistants group who was in charge of the research study and resulted in a limitation for the conclusions. Data Analysis The data analysis is clearly identified and logically linked to the design. A power analysis conducted on the sample of 47 nurses was viable for the results. Comparative tables are self-explanatory and understandable. The analysis of the collected data was taken by means and standard deviations. The subjective data like daytime sleepiness, episodes of drowsiness, and sleep quality were examined by repeated measures of variance, paired t test, or McNemar test. As the study was done by pretest and posttest with samples at the nominal level, the McNemar was used to compare daytime sleepiness, episodes of drowsiness, and sleep quality which are depend factors. Additionally, the labels were corrected by error reduction estimating equations for repeat measures. (Johns M. W. 1991). Associations at the nominal level with the statically analysis of the chi –square test was used to evaluate occurrences of sleep on duty. A level of statistical significance was set a priori at 0. 05 for all statistical procedures (Scott et al. , 2010, p. 254). Sleep duration results listed significance (p) of the F ratio as less than 0. 0001 for â€Å"Total sleep duration† and â€Å"Non-work shift sleep duration†. It was less than . 003 for Night shift sleep duration and as . 0003 for Work day sleep duration. The values of p indicated that group differences exist and that the null hypothesis is rejected. Discussion Findings Acknowledging the important role that nurses play on a daily basis, the study demonstrated evidence that fatigue countermeasures can be a valuable resource to apply in any healthcare facility. The researchers found with analysis of the data that nurses suffer from sleep deprivations and exhaustive fatigue (Scott et al. , 2010, p. 254). Each finding matches with each dependable variable. The posttest demonstrates a significant improvement in some variants but not in others. However the results are directly linked with the framework which is based in the model of the impaired sleep. Thus, the findings match with the expectations at the beginning of the design. This aspect proved that this is a feasible pilot study. The limitations of this pilot study were stated by the authors at the conclusion, however the suggestions provided for the implementation of the measures at the hospital setting does not match with what is seen in reality with the health care industry. The fact that hospitals are understaffed with nurses or that nurses need to work extra hours to earn reasonable incomes are variants that need to be included in future studies. The generalization of the pilot study is limited as is stated in the conclusions. The use of convenient sampling and a pre-experimental research design limits the generalizability of this study†¦ there were sufficient statistical power to examine the variables of interest in a one-group repeated measure design† (Scott et al. 2010, p. 257). For futures studies it is recommended that the sample be taken from different units being that â€Å"a narrow definition of the accessible population reduces the ability to generalize from the study sample to the target population† (Burns amp; Grove, 2009). Nursing implications were determined by the researches in the clinical presentation of the study finding. This is the first study to develop and test a fatigue countermeasures program designed specifically for hospital staff nurses† Scott, et al. 2010, p. 257). Important facts from this study are the nurse and patient safety implications. The data collected after implementation of measures demonstrated a sensitive increase in reducing medication errors or close call events. This is an irrefutable fact researches were aware of and wanted to demonstrate even in a pilot study. For future research and recommendations the authors suggest the inclusion of diverse samples (Scott, et al. 2010, p. 257). The study suggests the implementation of the countermeasures program for nurses due to multiple situations were nurses can place the patients in an unsafe situation. â€Å"Recent studies have documented that risk for error is significantly higher when nurses work more than 12 consecutive hours, work beyond their scheduled shift time, work more than 40 hours in a week, and obtain insufficient sleep† (Scott, et al. 2010, p. 256). Still, there was a lack of additional recommendations for future studies. For example a suggested reference is the implication of the lack of sleep related to stress levels in different units. Evaluation Confidence The Fatigue Countermeasure Feasibility Study is a valuable tool that can be used for futures studies and research. The study contains strong data that supports the feasibility of educating nurses about fatigue management in the work environment. Because this is the first pilot study conducted in the nursing field it is valid to state that the confidence in the hypothesis and on the results is questionable. Different demographic samples and larger samples are needed so that reevaluation of the effectiveness can be measured in each setting. Consistency with previous research The researchers are clear that previous studies has been conducted on physician work hours, drivers and pilots, but comparing the results can be distant because fatigue and errors can vary in each field due to the circumstances and the environment. The recommendations of the medicine report entitled â€Å"Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment of Nurses† (Institute of Medicine, 2004) suggests the use of fatigue management education for nurses and the development and testing methods to reduce fatigue addressed but only with night shift workers. There is no additional data or reports that are addressed within the Scott et al, (2010) study that can address consistency. However, the confidence in this study is in the data provided before and after the treatment. It is a fact the nurses work more than 12 hour shifts and that fatigue comes from the shift duration as well as from the lack of sleep. Readiness of findings for use in practice Unfortunately, the findings are difficult to implement in the hospital setting. First, for nurses to be sleeping in the place is seen as an unprofessional behavior. Second the patient’s demand and numbers increases every day at the same time there is lack of nurses to meet their demands and to attend the number of patients in a hospital setting. A nurse often monitors and works with anywhere from three to six patients and perhaps even more. Third, encouraging nurses not to work in different places and moonlight can be restrictive and conditional because of the salaries obtained. In addition, work cultural issues and lack of administrative support for FCMPNs may limit successful utilization in healthcare and hospitals. Contributions to nursing knowledge The Scott et al. (2010) study is the first to develop and test fatigue countermeasures programs for hospital staff nurses and provides a program for nurses to reduce errors or near errors. The study provides direction for future research that would be of benefit to nurses and patients. It â€Å"serves as a catalyst for future investigations to examine the acceptability, efficacy and effectiveness of FCMPNs.